November 10-13, 2026
Las Vegas, NV CME Conference
Harrah’s Las Vegas Hotel and Casino
Skin, Bones, Hearts & Private Part’s 2026 Las Vegas conference will be held at Harrah’s Las Vegas Hotel and Casino, where the fun never stops. Harrah’s hotel features fresh new rooms, an expansive casino area, exciting nightlife, and entertainment.
Hotel rooms come with Wi-Fi, flat-screen TVs and marble showers. Suites add living rooms, wet bars and whirlpool tubs; some include dining areas. Amenities include a bustling casino, and live comedy, magic and music performances, as well as a nightclub and a piano bar. There’s also a fitness center, a spa, a salon and an outdoor pool.
Harrah’s features such culinary delights as Ruth’s Chris Steak House, Ramsay’s Kitchen, Bobby’s Burgers by Bobby Flay, a 24/7 dining hall and much more. Come as you are, bring all your fun, and let loose at this upbeat Las Vegas hotel located in the center of the Vegas Strip.
Or, relax at the sparkling pool, spa or shops. Come as you are, bring all your fun and let loose at this upbeat Las Vegas hotel.
Also, special rates apply before and after the conference – enjoy some extra leisure time!
We have negotiated significantly reduced room rates for Skin, Bones, Hearts & Private Parts guests at Harrah’s. If you need hotel reservations and have not yet made your arrangements, you are encouraged to do so immediately as rooms may sell out prior to the cutoff dates listed below.
Reduced room rates are $159 (Nov 6), $135 (Nov 7), $30 (Nov 8), $119 (Nov 9-11), $30 (Nov 12), $109 (Nov 13-14), (plus $30 resort fee & tax).
Click here for resort fee details.
Rates are only guaranteed until October 16, 2026 or until the block is filled, whichever may come first.
To make reservations, please call 1-800-214-9110 and reference group code: SHSBH6 or click here to make a Reservation.
BONUS OFFER! Receive a $200 gift card of your choosing by booking your guest room at our host hotel! Select from 200+ brands at TheGiftCardShop.com! Must use group code & book by October 16, 2026 or until rooms sell out. Offer valid for 2026 conferences only.
-
+ many more!
Top Reasons To Stay With Us
Please make your hotel reservation at our host property where you will receive:
- A reduced rate & discounted resort fees
- No penalties to change or cancel reservations
- A $200 gift card of your choosing from 200+ brands at TheGiftCardShop.com!
Plus
- Sleep a little later and never be late.
- Networking at all hours
- All your friends stay at the conference hotel.
- Staying on-site allows you to run back to the room to drop off/pick up anything you need.
Top Reasons To Stay With Us
Dining Options
- Breakfast/Lunch: Breakfast will be provided as part of your registration and will be available Tuesday – Friday from 7:00 – 8:30 am. Refreshments will be served throughout the day as well. Please refer to final schedule for times. Lunch is on your own (sponsored lunches will be announced if applicable).
- Beverage Service: Provided each day of conference.
- Harrah’s offers excellent dining options such as Ramsay’s Kitchen, Ruth’s Chris Steak House, Bobby’s Burgers by Bobby Flay, PizzaCake by Buddy Valastro, and much more. For details, Click here
- In addition, there is a multitude of off-site dining options nearby. Please check Open Table for reservations as well as Tripadvisor and Yelp for additional options.
- The most current and up-to-date information can be found on the website – click here.
Dining Options
Parking
Self Parking Hours: 24/7 Fee Structure: Per day
Weekday Hourly Rates (Mon-Wed):
0-24 hours: $20 · 24+ hours $20 (each additional day or pro-rated)
Hotel Lodger: $20 (charged per vehicle to room, allows in & out privileges with room key)
Locals: First 3 hours free (with valid NV I.D. – not valid for events/holidays)
Weekend Hourly Rates (Thurs-Sun):
0-24 hours: $25 · 24+ hours $25 (each additional day or pro-rated)
Hotel Lodger: $20 (charged per vehicle to room, allows in & out privileges with room key)
Event Pricing Rate: 0-24 hours: $25 (locals/non-hotel guest) | Hotel Lodger: $15
Valet Parking hours: 24/7 | Fee structure: Per Day | Flat Rate Mon-Sun $40
Access Valet Parking from Las Vegas Blvd entrance, LINQ Ln. to Krueger Dr., or off of S. Koval Ln. to krueger Dr.
The most current and up-to-date information can be found on the website – click here.
Parking
Hotel Amenities
- Bobby’s Burgers by Bobby Flay
- Center of the Vegas Strip
- Complimentary Wi-Fi
- Gordon Ramsay’s Kitchen
- Harrah’s Las Vegas Piano Bar
- 20 minute walk to the Bellagio Fountains
- Pool, Fitness Center, Spa & Salon
- World Class Dining & Entertainment
- The most current and up-to-date information can be found on the website – click here.
Hotel Amenities
Top Reasons To Stay With Us
Please make your hotel reservation at our host property where you will receive:
- A reduced rate & discounted resort fees
- No penalties to change or cancel reservations
- A $200 gift card of your choosing from 200+ brands at TheGiftCardShop.com!
Plus
- Sleep a little later and never be late.
- Networking at all hours
- All your friends stay at the conference hotel.
- Staying on-site allows you to run back to the room to drop off/pick up anything you need.
Dining Options
- Breakfast/Lunch: Breakfast will be provided as part of your registration and will be available Tuesday – Friday from 7:00 – 8:30 am. Refreshments will be served throughout the day as well. Please refer to final schedule for times. Lunch is on your own (sponsored lunches will be announced if applicable).
- Beverage Service: Provided each day of conference.
- Harrah’s offers excellent dining options such as Ramsay’s Kitchen, Ruth’s Chris Steak House, Bobby’s Burgers by Bobby Flay, PizzaCake by Buddy Valastro, and much more. For details, Click here
- In addition, there is a multitude of off-site dining options nearby. Please check Open Table for reservations as well as Tripadvisor and Yelp for additional options.
- The most current and up-to-date information can be found on the website – click here.
Parking
Self Parking Hours: 24/7 Fee Structure: Per day
Weekday Hourly Rates (Mon-Wed):
0-24 hours: $20 · 24+ hours $20 (each additional day or pro-rated)
Hotel Lodger: $20 (charged per vehicle to room, allows in & out privileges with room key)
Locals: First 3 hours free (with valid NV I.D. – not valid for events/holidays)
Weekend Hourly Rates (Thurs-Sun):
0-24 hours: $25 · 24+ hours $25 (each additional day or pro-rated)
Hotel Lodger: $20 (charged per vehicle to room, allows in & out privileges with room key)
Event Pricing Rate: 0-24 hours: $25 (locals/non-hotel guest) | Hotel Lodger: $15
Valet Parking hours: 24/7 | Fee structure: Per Day | Flat Rate Mon-Sun $40
Access Valet Parking from Las Vegas Blvd entrance, LINQ Ln. to Krueger Dr., or off of S. Koval Ln. to krueger Dr.
The most current and up-to-date information can be found on the website – click here.
Hotel Amenities
- Bobby’s Burgers by Bobby Flay
- Center of the Vegas Strip
- Complimentary Wi-Fi
- Gordon Ramsay’s Kitchen
- Harrah’s Las Vegas Piano Bar
- 20 minute walk to the Bellagio Fountains
- Pool, Fitness Center, Spa & Salon
- World Class Dining & Entertainment
- The most current and up-to-date information can be found on the website – click here.
Daily Schedule
Whether you practice full-time and strive to sharpen your skills, or you work occasionally and need to improve your knowledge base, there’s something for everyone here!










Fun Things To Do
See our recommendations for fun things to do and see while in Las Vegas, NV. Enjoy the many attractions while earning your CME credits with Skin Bones CME.
Daily Session Info and Presentations
Whether you practice full-time and strive to sharpen your skills, or you work occasionally and need to improve your knowledge base, there’s something for everyone here! Perhaps you just want to stay current and pass your recertification exams. Plus, this exciting program allows participants to come early and/or stay over the weekend for a vacation. Discounted hotel rates apply!
“All of the speakers were great and added value to the conference. I liked how they were informative about the updated materials”
Monday, November 9 – Early Registration 2:00 – 5:00 pm
Day 1 – Tuesday, November 10
Cardiology & Emergency Medicine
Registration & Breakfast
Cardiac Pharmacology Review: What’s New in the Medicine Cabinet (Rx=0.75)
This session will be a good pharmacologic review of hypertension but will also review the newer agents in the lipid and heart failure space and when to reach for them.
Heart Failure Guidelines and Cases (Rx=0.25)
This session will discuss the new heart failure drugs and when to reach for them. We will also cover the latest heart failure criteria and classifications/stages.
Break
Basic 12 Leads Demystified
This lecture systematically reviews how to approach a 12 lead EKG and find contiguous leads, reciprocal changes, and bundle branch blocks.
Lunch & Learn: Working to Break the Fibromyalgia Stigma: From Diagnosis to Treatment Approach
Critical Cardiology Cases
This lecture covers cardiology complaints like PE and how to spot one on the EKG. We will also review a case scenario where a 39-year-old female had a sudden coronary artery dissection, the clues that solved the case, and how to tell the difference between ischemia and lvh on the EKG.
Break
Sneaky Cases of ACS: New STEMI Equivalents You Must Know to Stay Safe
We will explore the new stemi equivalents that will be read as non-specific st segment changes but need to go to the cath lab. We will identify subtle ischemia that does not meet stemi criteria but does need urgent angiography. Actual EKGs will be reviewed.
Day 2 – Wednesday, November 11
Orthopedics
Registration & Breakfast
The Foot and Ankle: Understanding the Body’s Foundation
Foot and ankle injuries occur during sports, missteps, workplace accidents, and simple daily activities such as walking on uneven ground. Because these structures bear weight, missed diagnoses can have lasting consequences on mobility and work capacity. This session focuses on evaluating ankle sprains, fractures, Achilles injuries, plantar heel pain, and midfoot pathology. Learners will review common mechanisms of injury and how bruising, swelling, and gait changes inform diagnosis. Evidence-based imaging rules and immobilization strategies will be emphasized. Hands-on exam practice will reinforce palpation landmarks and functional testing. Participants will leave better equipped to identify red flags and initiate appropriate early management.
The Hip, The Knee and The Arthritis Toolbox: Making Sense of Lower Extremity Pain
Lower extremity pain is a frequent challenge in primary care and often reflects a complex interplay of injury, overuse, gait abnormalities, and degenerative joint disease. This session provides a structured approach to evaluating hip and knee pain through focused anatomy review, gait assessment, and targeted physical examination. The session introduces the concept of an “Arthritis Toolbox”—a practical framework for non-surgical management that clinicians can apply before considering referral. Emphasis will be placed on selecting appropriate initial interventions based on exam findings, symptom patterns, and functional limitations. Case-based discussion and hands-on exam practice will reinforce clinical reasoning and treatment sequencing. Learners will leave with greater confidence managing lower extremity pain and knowing when escalation of care is appropriate.
Break
The Elbow, The Shoulder, and Peripheral Compressive Neuropathies: Untangling the Web of Upper Extremity Complaints
“My arm hurts” can mean so many different things. This session will focus on the key points of taking a history and high-yield physical exam components that will enable you to make the diagnosis with confidence. This combined session helps clinicians distinguish between musculoskeletal pathology and peripheral compressive neuropathies. Attendees will learn how to evaluate lateral and medial epicondylitis, radial head injuries, rotator cuff pathology, and shoulder instability without relying on excessive imaging. There have been major updates regarding diagnosing common nerve conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome. The session emphasizes efficient exam techniques that localize pathology quickly. Management strategies appropriate for primary care—including bracing, activity modification, and physical therapy referral—will be discussed. The result is clearer clinical decision-making and more appropriate referrals.
Sponsored Lunch or Lunch on Your Own
Small Structures, Big Consequences: Mastering the Hand Exam
Hands are injured every day—by slammed doors, kitchen knives, sports collisions, workplace machinery, and seemingly minor falls. In this session, learners will develop a systematic approach to the hand exam that prioritizes precision and early recognition of high-risk injuries. Emphasis will be placed on identifying tendon, ligament, and fracture patterns that are commonly missed in primary care settings. Participants will learn how subtle exam findings can dramatically alter management and referral urgency. Practical guidance will be provided on splinting, initial treatment, and patient counseling. Through case-based discussion and partner practice, attendees will gain confidence in evaluating hand injuries accurately and efficiently. The goal is simple: prevent missed diagnoses that lead to permanent dysfunction.
Break
FOOSH Happens: Making Sense of Wrist Pain
A fall on an outstretched hand is one of the most common mechanisms of injury across all age groups, yet wrist injuries remain among the most frequently misdiagnosed. This session breaks down wrist pain into manageable clinical patterns using anatomy, mechanism, and exam findings. Participants will learn how to differentiate benign sprains from injuries that require immobilization or urgent referral. Special attention will be given to scaphoid fractures, TFCC injuries, and overuse syndromes seen in athletes and workers alike. Imaging decision-making and appropriate splint selection will be reviewed. Hands-on practice will reinforce key exam maneuvers that improve diagnostic confidence. Learners will leave with a clear, reproducible approach to wrist pain after trauma or overuse.
Day 3 – Thursday, November 12
Endocrinology
Registration & Breakfast
Advancing Lipid Management: Non-Statin Therapies in Primary Care Practice (Rx=0.25)
This interactive case-based CME program is designed for clinicians who seek to enhance and optimize their knowledge and clinical skills in identifying, risk-stratifying, and managing hyperlipidemia to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. The program combines didactic evidence, clinical pearls, and real-world case presentations to explore lipid pathophysiology, primary and secondary preventions, lifestyle intervention, and both statin and non-statin therapy options. Emphasis will be placed on individual risk assessment, shared medical decision-making, and practical tools for implementing treatment plans in diverse patient populations. Clinicians will gain the knowledge and confidence in implementing guideline-directed and evidence-based treatment plans that include both statin and non-statin lipid-lowering therapies.
Fracture Facts: Real World Osteoporosis Cases (Rx=0.25)
A fragility fracture occurs every three seconds worldwide. However, appropriate identification and treatment of osteoporosis post-fracture rarely occurs with approximately 80% of individuals falling into this gap of care following a fragility fracture. Barriers and misconceptions exist in caring for this “silent” condition that carries high morbidity and mortality rates. This program will aid the clinician in navigating through the variety of guidelines and essential clinical pearls to appropriately identify at-risk individuals, educate patients on lifestyle interventions, and select the optimal agent based on individualized risk assessment and shared medical decision-making to include antiresorptive and anabolic agents, drug holidays, and transitioning between agents.
Break
Beyond Fatty Liver: Primary Care Strategies for MASLD and MASH (Rx=0.50)
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as NAFLD, is now the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and a rising cause of cirrhosis and liver-related mortality. Primary care providers are at the forefront of identifying patients at risk. Yet recognition, staging, and management remain inconsistent. This dynamic session will equip clinicians with the tools to understand the new terminology and diagnostic criteria for MASLD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and incorporate simple, evidence-based risk stratification strategies (including FIB-4 and non-invasive fibrosis assessments) into routine practice. Clinicians will navigate the application of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions to slow progression and reduce metabolic risk, while recognizing when to refer to hepatology. By the end of the session, participants will feel confident screening, counseling, and coordinating care for patients with MASLD/MASH in the primary care setting.
Lunch & Learn: Mounjaro® (tirzepatide) Product Theater
Type 1 Diabetes: Early Detection, Staging, and Evolving Strategies for Primary Care (Rx=0.50)
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasingly recognized as a staged autoimmune disease with opportunities for earlier detection and intervention. This program equips primary care providers with practical knowledge to identify at-risk patients, apply staging criteria, recognize early warning signs, and understand emerging therapies such as disease-modifying immunotherapy. Patients will leave with actionable strategies and resources to improve screening, referral, and long-term outcomes in patients with or at risk for T1D.
Break
Hyperthyroidism in Primary Care: From Recognition to Individualized Treatment Decisions (Rx=0.50)
Hyperthyroidism presents unique diagnostic and management challenges in the primary care setting. This CME session will guide clinicians through recognizing the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, categorizing common causes, and applying appropriate screening and diagnostic strategies to facilitate accurate diagnosis through judicious testing strategies. Participants will also analyze treatment options tailored to underlying etiology while incorporating shared medical decision-making to optimize patient outcomes. Throughout this dynamic case-based program, we will incorporate clinical pearls and common mistakes in identifying, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring thyroid disease.
Day 4 – Friday, November 13
Men & Women’s Health
Breakfast
Pelvic Infection Detective Training (Rx=0.50)
Evaluating and treating pelvic infections can feel like detective work. First, you need to know where to look. Review anatomy in detail and how to expand your differential. When laboratory testing is required, what to order, how to evaluate, treat, and create a follow-up plan that gets actual results. Know when to refer and how to find resources in your community and nationally.
Whole Person Contraceptive Counseling (Rx=0.25)
Contraceptive counseling can be an art when you understand the mechanism of action. How do they work in the body? What are the potential side effects? Systemic vs. local acting, tips and tricks for placement, contraindications considered & anesthetic options discussed.How to address the impact social media has on the conversation.
Break
Treat All Bladder Symptoms With Confidence! (Rx=0.25)
Urinary symptoms are significant for patients; in fact, the number one comorbidity is depression. Overactive bladder, incontinence, recurrent UTI, and bladder pain ALL impact quality of life. Learn how to evaluate comprehensively, treat holistically, and refer when necessary.
Sponsored Lunch or Lunch on Your Own
Perimenopause & Menopause Master Class (Rx=0.25)
Perimenopause occurs earlier than you think, and the roller coaster is real; your patients need you to know this. Hormone decline is the primary driver of symptoms; this impacts quality of life and contributes to health conditions like heart disease, osteoporosis, and mood changes. There are treatment options, and this is within your scope of practice. See the results for yourself. This is your Menopause Grand Rounds.
Break
Sexual Health for All Genders (Rx=0.25)
When addressing sexual health concerns, the biopsychosocial approach is essential. It is crucial to consider the self, but it is also vital to consider partners on the journey. Biologically, we consider hormones, medications, pain, and the psychosocial aspect, which includes the intersection of society, culture, and relationships. Let's also consider men's health, including testosterone decline, erectile dysfunction, and Peyronie's.
Additional Details
Topics, times and presenters subject to change.
Product Theater (Non-CME) denoted by *
*Number of hours depends on your course selection. Rx denotes Pharmacology hours. Daily CME credits listed are the maximum number of credits available for that specific day.
Explore Las Vegas, NV
Enjoy the many attractions while earning your CME credits with Skin Bones CME. Plan your CME & Visit to Las Vegas, NV!
Harrah’s Las Vegas Nightlife
Endless Fun! Djs spin and bartenders have flair at Harrah’s. Sip frozen drinks or soak up the exciting energy of the casino bar, whatever your nightlife looks like, you can find it.
The LINQ Las Vegas Attractions
The LINQ Las Vegas Hotel + Experience offers an action-packed Las Vegas vacation at our hotel, casino and promenade. This Las Vegas hotel has a plethora of dining options, things to do and must see attractions.
Casinos
When you think of Las Vegas, you think of Las Vegas casinos. They’ve been glorified in films and on the small screen. And for good reason. They’re everything you’ve been told and more. The lights. The sounds. The pulsating energy. You’ll love every second of it. There are more games than ever. And if you’re not sure you know what you’re doing, the dealers are happy to help teach you. So go on. Let the cards, chips and dice fall where they may. Win more with progressive slots and multi-property jackpots. Some “big-time” casinos in Las Vegas include the Bellagio, Wynn, and Aria.
The Strip
One of the most visible aspects of Las Vegas’ cityscape is its use of dramatic architecture. The rapidly evolving skyline and constant modernization of hotels, casinos, restaurants, residential high-rises, and entertainment offerings on the Strip, have established it as one of the most popular destinations for tourists in the US, and the world. Many of the largest hotel, casino, and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip. Fifteen of the world’s 25 largest hotels by room count are on the Strip, with a total of over 62,000 rooms.
Hoover Dam
The Bureau of Reclamation has conducted tours through the Hoover Dam and powerplant since 1937. Today, close to 1,000,000 visitors a year take the tour and millions more drive across the dam. One of the greatest engineering achievements in human history, the Hoover Dam, continues to draw crowds more than 70 years after its creation.
Grand Canyon
Unique combinations of geologic color and erosional forms decorate a canyon that is 277 river miles (446km) long, up to 18 miles (29km) wide, and a mile (1.6km) deep. The Grand Canyon continues to overwhelm our senses with its immense size.
Red Rock Canyon
Red Rock Canyon was designated as Nevada’s first National Conservation Area. Red Rock Canyon is located 17 miles west of the Las Vegas Strip on Charleston Boulevard/State Route 159. The area is 195,819 acres and is visited by more than one million people each year. In marked contrast to a town geared to entertainment and gaming, Red Rock offers enticements of a different nature including a 13-mile scenic drive, more than 30 miles of hiking trails, rock climbing, horseback riding, mountain biking, road biking, picnic areas, nature observing and visitor center with exhibit rooms and a book store.
The Fountains of Bellagio
A refreshing addition to your entertainment options, the Fountains of Bellagio were destined to romance your senses. Take in a complimentary Las Vegas show of water, music and light thoughtfully interwoven to mesmerize its admirers. All for your amusement, the most ambitious, choreographically complex water feature ever conceived amazes against the beautiful backdrop of Las Vegas’ lavender sky. Each dynamic performance from the Fountains collection is unique in its expression and interpretation. Fall in love with the stunning nature of this unprecedented aquatic accomplishment while relishing a clever concert of opera, classical and Broadway tunes.
Caesars Palace
It’s time to indulge and treat yourself like a Caesar. Play, dine and unwind like royalty at Caesars Palace Las Vegas, the remarkable, palatial center-Strip resort. From luxurious hotel rooms to world-class entertainment, it’s time to experience a trip that’s one for the books.
Treasure Island
This resort features some of the finest rooms and suites on the Las Vegas Strip available at a great value through the many deals, offers and promotion codes exclusive to Treasure Island – TI Las Vegas. Relax by the outdoor tropical pool or the elegant spa and salon. Enjoy your choice of eight restaurants, nine bars and lounges, 95,000 sq. ft. of live casino gaming, and the salient Mystère by Cirque du Soleil. Modern meeting space and wedding chapels accommodate Las Vegas events of any kind. Connected by pedestrian bridges to Fashion Show shopping mall and Grand Canal Shoppes as well as a tram to The Mirage and short walking distance to Venetian/Palazzo, Sands Expo and Wynn/Encore, Treasure Island – TI Hotel and Casino offers one of the best locations and values in Las Vegas, Nevada USA.
The Stratosphere Tower
Visible throughout the city, dominating the Las Vegas skyline – The STRAT Hotel, Casino & Tower is where the Las Vegas Strip begins and ends. We’ve reimagined your experience from top to bottom, offering renovated hotel rooms, refreshed casino floor, all-new dining options, award-winning entertainment, and an exhilarating Tower experience.
Infinite Las Vegas Shows
See one of the many fabulous shows currently running in Las Vegas.
November 10-13, 2026
Las Vegas, NV CME Conference
Credit Information
As low as $38 per credit hour! This CME Conference is designed for NPs, PAs, RNs, and Physicians, who can earn up to 26 CME credits and 4.50 APRN Pharmacology credits. This activity is approved for ACCME, AMA, ANCC, APRN and AAPA credit. Please see CME Credit Information for details.
In-Person Pricing
Super Saver
On/Before June 10
$1,197
Early Bird
On/Before July 10
$1,277
Advance
On/Before October 10
$1,377
Standard
After October 10
$1,397
Virtual Pricing
Super Saver
On/Before June 10
$997
Advance
On/Before October 10
$1,067
Standard
After October 10
$1,117
Bonus!
In-person conferences include FREE virtual access!
Includes a FREE On-demand course by topic! Up to 13 CME hours – a $297 value!
Receive a $200 gift card of your choosing by booking your guest room at our host hotel! Select from 200+ brands at TheGiftCardShop.com! Must use group code & book by October 16, 2026 or until rooms sell out. Offer valid for 2026 conferences only.
- + many more!
CME Virtual Conference
Attend our live-streaming CME conference and experience the event as if you were there in person! This online CME allows you to watch the conference in real time and ask questions from anywhere with a WiFi connection – whether you’re by the pool, in a hotel lobby or room, or from the comfort of your home or office.
New! Recordings of the live event will be accessible for review for thirty (30) days after the conference for all in-person and virtual participants.


